Lav Nikolajevič Tolstoj imao je vrlo snažne i etički duboke stavove o odnosu čovjeka prema životinjama i prehrani, i često se navodi kao jedan od ranih zagovornika vegetarijanstva (a posredno i ideja koje danas povezujemo s veganstvom).
1. Protiv nasilja nad životinjama
Tolstoj je smatrao da je ubijanje životinja moralno pogrešno i povezivao ga s općim nasiljem u društvu:
Time je htio reći da nasilje nad životinjama otupljuje ljudsku savjest i vodi prema nasilju među ljudima.
„Dok god postoje klaonice, postojat će i bojišta.”
2. Vegetarijanstvo kao moralni izbor
U svom eseju The First Step (Prvi korak), Tolstoj piše da je odricanje od mesa prvi korak prema moralnom životu:
„Ako čovjek teži moralnom životu, prvo čega se mora odreći jest jedenje mesa.”
Za njega to nije bila dijeta, nego etička odluka.
3. Suosjećanje kao temelj
Vjerovao je da istinska ljudskost uključuje suosjećanje prema svim živim bićima:
„Čovjek može živjeti i biti zdrav bez ubijanja životinja; ako jede meso, sudjeluje u oduzimanju života radi vlastitog apetita.”
Leonardo da Vinci
talijanski univerzalni genij (1452.–1519.)
„Doći će dan kada će ljudi o ubijanju životinje suditi jednako kao što danas sude o ubojstvu čovjeka.
Doći će vrijeme u kojem ćemo jedenje životinja osuđivati isto kao što danas osuđujemo jedenje sebi sličnih – kanibalizam.“
George Bernard Shaw
anglo-irski dramatičar (1856.–1950.), Nobelova nagrada za književnost 1925.
„Životinje su moji prijatelji –
a ja svoje prijatelje ne jedem.“
„Dokle god ljudi muče, zlostavljaju i ubijaju životinje,
rat će postojati.“
„Ako smo i sami živi grobovi ubijenih životinja,
kako onda na ovom svijetu možemo očekivati idealna stanja?“
„Mi smo živi grobovi životinja koje smo zaklali
da bismo utažili vlastiti apetit.
Za vrijeme svojih gozbi neumorno se pitamo
imaju li i životinje, poput nas ljudi, prava.
Nedjeljom molimo za svjetlo
kako bi se putovi kojima hodamo prosvijetlili.
Umorni smo od rata, ne želimo se više boriti,
i sama pomisao na to ispunja nam srce strahom.
A ipak – hranimo se leševima.“
Nad bezbrojnim grobovima ubijenih
molimo Boga za mir,
dok se istodobno ogrješujemo o moralne zapovijedi.
Takva okrutnost, međutim, ima svoje posljedice:
rat.“**
**„Poput gavranova živimo i hranimo se mesom,
ne obazirući se na bol i patnju
koje svojim djelima nanosimo.
Ako nemoćne životinje zbog zabave ili profita
tako okrutno zlostavljamo,
kako onda možemo očekivati
da u ovom svijetu postignemo onaj mir
za kojim, navodno, tako žudimo?
Platonovi stavovi o prehrani i životinjama
U djelu Država (Politeia), Platon opisuje idealno društvo i razlikuje dva tipa države:
“Zdrava država” (jednostavna, umjerena)
Ljudi jedu pretežno biljnu hranu: žitarice, voće, povrće, masline.
Ovdje nema naglaska na mesu – prehrana je skromna i prirodna.
“Raskošna država” (dekadentna)
Uvodi se meso, luksuz i pretjerivanje.
To, prema Platonu, vodi bolestima, ratovima i moralnom padu.
Pitagora (oko 570.–495. pr. Kr.) nije bio samo matematičar nego i duhovni učitelj čiji su stavovi o životinjama i prehrani iznenađujuće bliski modernom veganstvu.
Odnos prema životinjama
Pitagora je vjerovao u metempsihoza — ideju da se duša nakon smrti može ponovno roditi, čak i u tijelu životinje.
Zbog toga je smatrao da:
životinje imaju dušu i svijest
ubijanje životinja može značiti ubijanje “nekoga” tko je nekad bio čovjek
nasilje nad životinjama vodi nasilju među ljudima
Poznata mu je misao (parafrazirano):
“Dokle god ljudi budu ubijali životinje, ubijat će i jedni druge.”
Prehrana – rani oblik vegetarijanstva
Pitagora i njegovi sljedbenici prakticirali su način prehrane koji danas nazivamo:
vegetarijanstvo (često se zvalo “pitagorejska prehrana”)
izbjegavali su meso i žrtvovanje životinja
Nije potpuno jasno jesu li bili strogo vegani u današnjem smislu (jer su neki možda koristili mlijeko ili med), ali:
naglasak je bio na nenasilju (ahimsi)
prehrana je bila dio duhovne čistoće
Etika i filozofija
Pitagora je smatrao da:
postoji povezanost svih živih bića
čovjek nema moralno pravo iskorištavati životinje
suosjećanje prema životinjama vodi harmoniji u društvu
Utjecaj
Njegove ideje kasnije su utjecale na mnoge mislioce, uključujući:
Platon (indirektno kroz tradiciju)
Leonardo da Vinci (poznat po suosjećanju prema životinjama)
Lav Tolstoj (etični vegan)
Naturally, windows become a focal point in any room—a combination of light and painting, in a way. Make sure yours are worth looking at (especially if the view beyond them isn’t) by using the right window coverings.
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Benjamin Hubert of LAYER design will be launching a furniture collection for UK furniture company Allermuir at London Design Festival’s Somerset House. The three piece collection consisting of a chair, a barstool and a small café table will be amongst many projects at the center for engaging design discussion and experiences during the anticipated design festival.
One of my biggest wardrobe “aha!” moments was when I found my sleeveless, mustard turtleneck crumpled on the closet floor next to my white and blue striped shirt. Frowning at the jumble, it was the first time I was thankful for my messy tendencies—the pairing was fabulous. And not something I would have ever pieced together if I was just standing in front of my wardrobe, trying to decide what to style that morning.
Right after I picked up the turtleneck from the floor, I rolled up my sleeves and took everything out of my closet to reorganize. I had a new idea on how to group my items, and it was going to open the door for many more outfits. I was going to group them according to layers, people!
To me, an outfit is at its peak when it gets creative with its silhouette. Crop tops with high-waist pants, turtlenecks under crewnecks, collared shirts underneath dresses, cropped sweaters on top of maxi dresses—layers have the potential to take something old and overused in your wardrobe and change it into something completely different.
The fabulous location is what initially drew Darren to his home. As he says “There are few areas that can beat the City Bowl for vibe, energy and convenience.” Although Darren currently rents, he’s hoping that at some point the property will become available so that he can buy and renovate it to its full potential.
In the meantime, Darren has made the space his own by painting strong gray focal walls, hanging art, and adding plenty of plant life. After a stressful day he finds comfort in styling his home and moving items around to create different vignettes. The open bookshelf in his living room is beautifully curated and includes vintage video cameras and photography equipment that used to belong to his father.
It is a wise plan to keep a variety of Summer Sausage on hand, as in a very few minutes delicious sandwiches may be prepared with this, these sandwiches having the charm of novelty. It is impossible to deal in a short article with the many varieties of Summer Sausage, but there are three or four which can be touched upon.
To me, an outfit is at its peak when it gets creative with its silhouette. Crop tops with high-waist pants, turtlenecks under crewnecks, collared shirts underneath dresses, cropped sweaters on top of maxi dresses—layers have the potential to take something old and overused in your wardrobe and change it into something completely different.
To have a thorough understanding of their goodness one must not only read about them but taste them.
This time around, the team focused on material selection, with recycled aluminum at the core of each piece. Recycled aluminum uses only 5% of the energy required to make new aluminum, and the additional materials you’ll notice in the collection are also low-impact. Other materials include recycled wood fiber, reclaimed timber and recycled nylon.
The best part about the whole thing for design-lovers: Some really incredible rooms come out of it. The most recent ORC season finished up in April, and it resulted in some of the prettiest rooms we’ve seen yet. Here’s a recap of our favorite modern spaces from the One Room Challenge, from both official and guest participants alike. This living room came from one of ORC’s guest participants, but it’s as well-designed and full of inspiration as any space we’ve seen from the bigger-name bloggers.
